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I am not giving exact page numbers every time, but whenever possible. I have no staff of researchers and teaching assistants to organize the source notes in the tight detail an academic history would have. However, after studying many histories, including the works of Walter Lord, one of my favorite historians, I believe this should be a sufficient level of source notes to at least send readers to the right book, if not the exact page. For any failures or misuse of published works, I accept full responsibility. Questions or comments or requests for further detail on these notes can be addressed to me at mailto:dhlippman@juno.com Preamble: Specifications on the battleship Schleswig-Holstein and its operations on the outbreak of World War II are drawn from After the Battle, Issue No. 65, which commemorates the battle for Westerplatte. Page 15 gives the ship's history and specifications. Specifications on the battleship USS Missouri are drawn from Mighty Mo, by Gordon Newell & Vice Admiral Allan E. Smith. The information that follows, listing battle sites and battlefields is drawn from a wide array of research sources, mostly maps and atlases. The Purnell's magazine series on World War II provided excellent maps. The codenames chosen were simply ones I liked or felt were important. America's surrender on Bataan setting a record is mentioned in a number of histories of the fall of the Philippines, including the official history, The Fall of the Philippines, by Louis Morton. Comments on the wide-ranging nature of the war, with Canadians to Hong Kong and Mexicans to the Philippines come from my research in a variety of sources. The Mexican Air Force's commitment, for example, is given in an article in World War II magazine. The reference to the Rhodesian bomber pilots is drawn from From the Dams to the Tirpitz, by Leo Cooper, a history of RAF 617 Squadron, which sank the Tirpitz. The reference to Mao Tse-Tung (or Mao Ze-Dong) and his weather forecasts comes from Enola Gay by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts. Discussion of Bulgaria's two-sided war is from Purnell's History of the Second World War, Volume 5, No. 16, "Clearing the Balkans," by Earl F. Ziemke. The reference to Hiroshima and Nagasaki being equated to Denver and Newark is made by William Manchester in The Glory and the Dream, page 370. The discussion of the social impact of World War II comes from a variety of sources, including Angus Calder's The People's War; Geoffrey Perret's Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph; and Paul Kennedy's Freedom from Fear. Discussion of the differing fates of USS Monssen and USS O'Bannon comes from Samuel Eliot Morison's The Struggle for Guadalcanal and Guadalcanal, by Richard Frank. The descriptions of the various historical figures are drawn from biographies of these individuals, as noted in the bibliography. The assessments of their character are my own. The Last Week - The Road To War, Chapter 1: The description of Yamamoto's journey to his resignation as Navy Vice-Minister is drawn from the biographies of Admiral Yamamoto listed in the bibliography, as well as the Time-Life volumes Japan At War and Prelude To War. In addition, John Toland's The Rising Sun and Theodore Roscoe Cook's Japan at War proved useful in helping me set the scene of Japan on the eve of World War II. Edwin Hoyt's Japan's War is essential reading. Background on Manchukuo: biographies of Henry P'u Yi provide a good picture of that puppet state. Japanese plans: from Louis Allen's Japan: The Years of Triumph. The pre-war Japanese Navy: a number of sources, including Tameichi Hara's Japanese Destroyer Captain, as well as Eric Hammel's Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea. Living conditions on Tone and Chikuma: Shizuo Fukui's Japanese Navy at the End of World War II has that nugget, page 4.. Living conditions on Akagi and Kaga: Walter Lord's Incredible Victory. Khalkin-Gol has been covered poorly by historians, although Marshall Brement's article in Military History Quarterly, Volume 5, No. 3, Spring 1993, "Khalkin-Gol," fills many gaps. Zhukov, Marshal of the Soviet Union, by Otto Preston Chaney, Jr., gives his view of the battle. Japanese reaction to the battle is covered in the above sources.
The Last Week - The Road to War, Chapter Two The impact of the Victorian age on the mind-set of the World War II age is studied from a variety of sources, starting with William Manchester's The Last Lion, his superb and unfinished biography of Winston Churchill. Also useful was Freedom at Midnight, by Larry Collins and Dominique LaPierre, which is about the independence of India and Pakistan and the assassination of Gandhi. It has a good background on Britain's road to dominating India. Our War by Christopher Somerville, the Penguin History of New Zealand, and a variety of biographies and memoirs of Britons, Australians, Canadians, and New Zealanders also helped with setting the picture of the British Empire in 1939. The Great War and Modern Memory, by Paul Fussell, brilliantly describes the impact of this horrific conflict on future generations. Some useful points also come from Stephen O'Shea's Back to the Front, on his walk of the entire Western Front. Tommy Goes to War, by Malcolm Browne, War by Time-Table, by A.J.P. Taylor, and Barbara Tuchman's The Proud Tower also provided a lot of useful background. The use of Buna's plantation is noted in books on the New Guinea campaign and the note on Brisbane fashions comes from The Battle of Brisbane, about the 1942 riots between US and Australian troops. The book has a good deal of background on Australia in general and Brisbane in particular as it faced war and the "American invasion." The British Army's traditions are discussed in The Last Lion and 1918: The Last Act, by Barrie Pitt. The US 15th Infantry Regiment's life in Tientsin is drawn from an article by one of my history professors, Dr. Elihu Rose, entitled "Hard Liquor, Easy Duty," appearing in Military History Quarterly, Volume 6, No. 1, Autumn 1993. Conditions in the Philippines before the war are well-described in biographies of Douglas MacArthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower, as well as briefly in Ward Rutherford's Fall of the Philippines from the Ballantine series. The US Army's official history of that campaign, Fall of the Philippines, by Louis Morton, is also good. The First World War has been studied with almost as much energy with which it was fought. Unfortunately, accuracy is tough to achieve. Contemporary accounts of the war are eager to savage the Kaiser and the Soviet Union's new Bolshevik regime. Later accounts attack the British and American arms merchants and generals. Later, more revisionist views, such as A.J.P. Taylor and Niall Ferguson, have their own agendas to advance. Figuring out World War I at a remove of 90 years is fairly difficult. Gordon Corrigan's recent Mud, Blood, and Poppycock, explodes a few myths, and is also useful in understanding the British Army in two world wars. I went with Stephen O'Shea's Back to the Front for human impact on ordinary people, and John Keegan's The First World War for larger pictures. Martin Gilbert's History of the First World War is absolutely vital for understanding World War I, combining the big picture with personal stories and accounts, mostly by people who would make larger history two decades later. Also helpful was the 1960s-issued Purnell's History of the First World War magazine series, which is actually better than their earlier one on World War II. Len Deighton's book Blood, Tears, and Folly discusses the failures of World War I leadership, both military and political, and the impact of that war on postwar leadership. Denis Winter's Haig's Command is positively savage on the field marshal, accusing him of political meddling, military bungling, and falsifying the postwar record. William Manchester's The Arms of Krupp and his other works were useful on the postwar German scene. The Last Lion was essential in charting the decline of the British Empire. The comment on the difference between Titanic memorials and World War I memorial came from an Arts and Entertainment channel documentary on the Titanic, and I have compared photographs of such memorials to be sure. The comparisons of Britain, Germany, and the United States after World War I are drawn from histories of the respective countries. Sefton Delmer's Weimar Germany was helpful, as was The Arms of Krupp, and Michael Burleigh's The Third Reich. Richard J. Evans' The Coming of the Third Reich is magisterial and essential. Angus Calder's The People's War is indispensable on the British people at war, despite his Socialist sentiments. Naturally, no one should study the Second World War without reading Winston Churchill's six volumes on the subject. The inter-war disarmament treaties are covered in a variety of places: The Rising Sun, Samuel Eliot Morison's The Rising Sun in the Pacific, biographies of Yamamoto, and works on codebreaking like War of Wits by Mark Budiansky and The Codebreakers by David Kahn, which talk about the American Black Chamber. The Oxford Union's vote is described in Manchester's book and others. The theories of Giulio Douhet and their impact on society are well-covered in Robin Neillands' The Bomber War, Constantine Fitzgibbons' London's Burning, and John Ray's The Night Blitz. Other good sources are Len Deighton's books Blood, Tears and Folly, as well as Blitzkrieg and Fighter. Also helpful was The Blitzkrieg Myth, by John Mosier. Gene Smith's The Shattered Dream, a short biography of Herbert Hoover, focuses on his frustrating presidency, but also describes his post-World War I efforts to feed a hungry Europe and gives a superb view of 1920s and early 1930s America. Biographies of George Patton, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Joseph Stilwell, George Marshall, and Douglas MacArthur, give a good picture of the inter-war US Army. Geoffrey Perret's There's a War to Be Won is valuable on that subject, as is David Brinkley's Washington Goes to War. Hans Von Luck's fortunes come from his autobiography, Panzer Commander. The fate of World War I paraphernalia comes from several places, including the Time-Life series. The demise of HMS New Zealand comes from the Royal New Zealand Navy's official history of World War II, which has an entire appendix on the ship, as well as my tour of Christchurch's anti-invasion defenses, taken in 1995. The activities of the various military figures all come from their biographies and autobiographies. The exception is Kent Hewitt, who has no biography, which is too bad, as he is an interesting figure. His story comes from An Army at Dawn, by Rick Atkinson. The Great Depression is well-covered in books. Pierre Berton's The Great Depression is a superb depiction of Canada in the 1930s. A Nation in Torment by Edward Robb Ellis; From the Crash to the Blitz, by Cabell Phillips; William Manchester's The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of the United States from 1932 to 1972, were all vital. Also useful were Freedom from Fear, by David Kennedy, and The Great Depression, by T. H. Watkins. Our War gave background on the lives of future Commonwealth warriors during those "dirty years." The Invergordon Mutiny covers this bizarre incident extremely well. Invergordon Mutineer, by Les Wincott, is less impressive, because of the author's Communist beliefs. He wound up defecting to Russia. The Bonus Army is covered well in The Shattered Dream. Biographies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and books on the Great Depression covered the breakdown in American society in 1932 and 1933. The attraction of Fascism in the 1930s comes from a number of above sources, including The Plot to Seize the White House, which describes the somewhat amateurish attempt by American right-wingers to use Smedley Butler as a "man on horseback" for just such a coup. Ronald Kessler's The Bureau, a history of the FBI, discusses J. Edgar Hoover's investigations of Communists and Fascists in the 1930s, as do biographies of the director. Nigel West's MI6 and MI5 have a great deal of information on British counterintelligence efforts against Communists and Nazis in Britain. Blackshirts: Fascism in Britain, by David Shermer, of the Ballantine series, describes Oswald Mosley and his movement very well. The biographies of William Joyce listed in the bibliography also provide background on these odd people. Germany in the 1930s has been studied as much as any nation-state. Michael Burleigh's The Third Reich: A New History, Richard Grunberger's The Third Reich: A Social History, and Bernt Engelmann's In Hitler's Germany are great places to start. The Coming of the Third Reich, by Richard J. Evans, is an excellent work, as mentioned. The Black Angels, by Rupert Butler, and SS and Gestapo, by Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, are useful in understanding the Nazi police state. The Holocaust by Martin Gilbert and Hitler's Shadow War by Donald M. McKale, are also extremely important. Adolf Hitler's 1939 condition is well described in biographies of him. A Concise Biography of Adolf Hitler dissects the Fuhrer's personality and habits neatly and cleanly, down to his choice of reading matter and his favorite music. Hitler as a "crashing bore," comes from James O'Donnell's The Bunker, on the last days of the Reichchancellery group. While new information has come out that shows errors in some of O'Donnell's statements, his character assessments remain accurate. As does Len Deighton's acidic view of Hitler in Blitzkrieg, saying he is not a lunatic, pages 48 through 53. The Last Week - The Road to War, Chapter Three Hitler's background and life: drawn from biographies by Alan Bullock and John Toland. Hitler also gave his own view of events in Mein Kampf, whose accuracy cannot be trusted, except for his opinions. The connection between Hitler's draft notice and the first radio message from Germany to the United States is from Chronicle of the 20th Century. This book also proved useful for keeping track of other events, ranging from top movies to the outbreak of wars. It became a core source, as I wrote this series. The First Battle of Ypres is drawn from the biographies and autobiographies of Montgomery and Horrocks, for their participation, as well as World War I sources described earlier. Tommy Goes to War, by Malcolm Brown, was helpful here. The British defense of Flanders presaging Dunkirk is noted in Walter Lord's The Miracle of Dunkirk. The Last Week - The Road to War, Chapter 4 Hitler's biographies provided the raw material for his career with the List Regiment. Lyn MacDonald's 1914 describes his British opponents. The story that Hitler participated in the 1914 Christmas Truce is debunked in Stanley Weintraub's Silent Night and Malcolm Brown's Christmas Truce. Martin Gilbert's History of the First World War and Rommel's biographies provided the background on these battles. Alan Seeger's account of Loos and the fighting come from Martin Gilbert, as does Harold MacMillan's ordeal. The Donkeys, by Alan Clark, describes this horrific battle and the equally horrific British generalship. Gordon Corrigan attacks Clark with effectiveness in Mud, Blood, and Poppycock. Books on the Somme would fill a bookshelf. Lyn MacDonald's The Somme is a good place to start. Martin Middlebrook covers the slaughter of July 1, 1916, in The First Day on the Somme. Tonie and Valmai Holt's Guide to the Somme is vital for maps and descriptions of battles and battlefields. Martin Middlebrook's Guide to the Somme is also a necessity. Peter Singleton-Gates' biography of Bernard Freyberg covers that general and the Australian Official History volume To Benghazi handles Iven MacKay's First World War. The Singleton-Gates book explodes the myth that Freyberg fought for Pancho Villa in the Mexican Civil War. The 1916 World Series results came from the Baseball Encyclopedia. Zhukov's wounding comes from Martin Gilbert. German Jewish casualty figures come from Hitler's Jewish Soldiers and The Holocaust, by Martin Gilbert. The overview of World War I in 1917 comes from Martin Gilbert, as does Henry Crerar's role. Leon Wolff's In Flanders Fields is a superb account of the Third Ypres horror, as is Lyn MacDonald's They Called It Passchendaele. Germany's wartime conditions are well described in 1918: The Last Act, by Barrie Pitt, and A Stillness Heard Round the World, by Stanley Weintraub. Martin Gilbert's Atlas of the First World War provided the statistics on the blockade of Germany. The German 1918 offensive is described in many books: Lyn MacDonald's To The Last Man is one of the best. John Terraine's To Win a War is also excellent. The Doughboys, by Laurence Stallings, describes the US Army's achievements in France. The launching of USS Ward came from (of all places) the 20th Century Chronicle. The Krupp Pariskanone is described in The Arms of Krupp. Princess Blucher's diary appears in The Kaiser, by Virginia Cowles, and Weintraub. Franklin Roosevelt's visit to France is in Gilbert and Joseph Lash's Eleanor and Franklin. The August 8, 1918, offensive and the resultant chaos behind German lines is described in several books: Armoured Onslaught by Douglas Orgill (Ballantine series), 1918: The Last Act, To Win a War, and The Imperial War Museum Book of 1918. Denis Winter is less impressed with this offensive in Haig's Command, but I disagree. I believe the British Army scored a major but forgotten victory in cracking the Germans in 1918. It certainly caused Ludendorff's nervous breakdown, which broke Germany's will. John Terraine's To Win a War is more supportive of the 1918 British Army. The inner workings of the Kaiser and his crew are well-described in The Kaiser by Virginia Cowles, and The Swordbearers, by Corelli Barnett, which has a lengthy chapter on Ludendorff and his character. The references to the anti-Semitism in the Kaiser's inner court are made to point up the fact that German anti-Semitism was not invented by Hitler, nor did he use it to fill a vacuum. It was a pre-existing condition, which Hitler inflamed, expanded, and exploited. Duff-Cooper's memory is from Martin Gilbert. Hitler's experiences throughout are from listed biographies and Mein Kampf. The Kaiser's visit to the Krupp works is described as a success in one book, but more accurately depicted as a failure in The Arms of Krupp. It was not the All-Highest's best moment, and probably sped his abdication. Patton's and MacArthur's wars are taken from their biographies. Ludendorff's nervous breakdown is described in 1918: The Last Act and other books as described. The opening of the "temporary" Grand Central-Times Square shuttle is drawn from the 20th Century Chronicle and Stan Fischler's The Subway. As a native New Yorker, I could not let this incident pass. Harry Truman's war comes from his biographies. The Kaiser's dramatic days in Spa are drawn from Weintraub, The Kaiser, 1918: The Last Act, and The Kaiser, by Virginia Cowles. The Last Week - The Road to War, Chapter 5 Weintraub was a primary source for this chapter, along with Pitt, Terraine, The Kaiser, Brown, Gilbert, and Sefton Delmer's Weimar Germany. Toland and Bullock, as well as Hitler himself, provide the details on the Fuhrer's reaction to the Armistice. The Kaiser's dramatic days in Spa are drawn from Weintraub, The Kaiser, 1918: The Last Act, and The Kaiser, by Virginia Cowles. Also helpful was The Coming of the Third Reich, by Richard J. Evans. The Last Week - The Road to War, Chapter 6 Most of the sources for this section are repeats of the previous chapter. Weintraub was a primary source for this chapter, along with Pitt, Terraine, The Kaiser, Brown, Gilbert, and Sefton Delmer's Weimar Germany. Toland and Bullock, as well as Hitler himself, provide the details on the Fuhrer's reaction to the Armistice. As before, the Kaiser's days in Spa are drawn from Weintraub, The Kaiser, 1918: The Last Act, and The Kaiser, by Virginia Cowles. The deal between Groening and Ebert comes from Weimar Germany, by Sefton Delmer. Wemyss' voyage on HMS Termagant and its connection to Cunningham comes from Cunningham of Hyndhope. Patton's reaction comes from his biographies, D'Este and Hirshson. Marshall's reaction: General of the Army: The Life of George Catlett Marshall, by Ed Cray. Churchill's reaction: Manchester. George Simpson: Periscope View. Keith Park: Park. Horrocks' reaction: autobiography, Horrocks, by Philip Warner. Eisenhower's reaction: Perret, D'Este, Miller, Ambrose. Krupp: The Arms of Krupp, William Manchester. Goering and Udet: The Reich Marshal by Leonard Mosley, Goering by Roger Manvell, Angels of Death: Goering's Luftwaffe, by Edwin Hoyt. Ludendorff and the "Dolchstoss:" Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, William Shirer. Also vital The Coming of the Third Reich, by Richard J. Evans. Purnell's has an entire article on the development of the myth. German troops come home: Weintraub, Shirer, Manchester, Evans, and others. German officers and the Armistice: Dictionary of WW2 Biography, Boatner. Guderian: Panzer Leader, by Heinz Guderian. Goebbels: Goebbels, by Ralf Georg Ruth. Wilson's voyage to France: When The Cheering Stopped, by Gene Smith, In The Time of the Americans, David Fromkin. |
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